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- ESSAY, Page 114The Communication Collapse
-
-
- By Norman Cousins
-
-
- [The author, who died Nov. 30 at 75, was a man of diverse
- intellectual passions. One of the subjects he cared deeply about
- was good writing. He submitted this Essay to TIME shortly before
- he died.]
-
- A neighbor's daughter showed me a question from a state bar
- examination she took recently. It called for a 500-word essay
- having to do with an aspect of interstate commerce.
-
- My concern here is not with the question; I assume it
- pertained to a conventional legal issue. My concern rather is
- with the time allotted for the essay: 30 minutes. This absurd
- limitation for a serious piece of writing is not unusual. Essay-
- type questions in high school and college examinations routinely
- allow half an hour or less for expository answers. In the very
- act of testing writing skills, the schools foster poor writing
- habits.
-
- Clean, precise writing or speaking requires systematic,
- sequential thought. Words have to be crafted, not sprayed. They
- need to be fitted together with infinite care. William Faulkner
- would isolate himself in a small cell-like room and labor over
- his words like a jeweler arranging tiny jewels in a watch. Thomas
- Mann would consider himself lucky if, after a full day at his
- desk, he was able to put down on paper 500 words that he was
- willing to share with the world.
-
- Much of the trouble we get into (as individuals or
- organizations or as government) is connected to sloppy
- communication. Our words too often lead us away from where we
- want to go; they unwittingly antagonize friends or business
- associates. We are infuriated when our position is not understood
- and then becomes the collapsing factor in an important business
- deal. Or we are terrified when the leaders of government mis-
- communicate and put their countries on a collision course.
-
- The school can have no more important function than to teach
- students how to make themselves clear. But by putting speed ahead
- of substance, the school creates false values. Racing against the
- clock is not an ideal way to organize one's thoughts or arrange
- one's words.
-
- The same hazards apply to speed-reading. Yes, we are
- bedeviled each day by a mound of papers, and we need to have some
- way of getting swiftly at the vitals of letters or articles or
- presentations. But the habit of skimming is too easily carried
- over to creative reading. Few things are more rewarding than the
- way the mind can hover over a luminous paragraph or even a
- phrase, allowing it to light up the imagination. The way the mind
- transforms little markings on paper into images is one of the
- highest manifestations of human uniqueness.
-
- The teacher in high school who made the greatest impression
- on me would often devote the full classroom period to a single
- passage from a literary work, helping us get inside the author's
- mind and effect a junction between purpose and artistry. I still
- have a vivid memory, for example, of the way she slowly read the
- passage from Swift in which Gulliver was tied down by the
- Lilliputians. Each word became part of a picture in the mind. I
- don't know how long it took Swift to write this particular
- description, but it helped open young minds to the kind of
- imagery that belongs to creative expression. We had the same
- sense of literary splendor when our teacher read -- so carefully
- and lovingly -- from Thomas Hardy or the Brontes, or when she
- asked one of us to read Flaubert's word portrait of Emma Bovary.
-
- On the opposite extreme, one need not strain for specimens
- of poor communication in everyday life. Like polluted air, it
- surrounds and encases us. I see it in the wording of informed-
- consent papers that patients are asked to sign before undergoing
- medical procedures. I see it in the small print of insurance
- policies or on the backs of airline tickets. I struggle over it
- in tax forms or information from government agencies. I agonize
- over it in the instructions that come with do-it-yourself kits. I
- strain to comprehend it when I stop to ask directions, or when I
- hear a sports announcer explain why an outfielder played a single
- into a triple or why a wide receiver ran the wrong route.
-
- Much of the stumbling and incoherence that gets in the way
- of effective communication these days has its origin in our
- failure early on to develop respect for thought processes. The
- way thoughts are converted into language calls for no less
- attention in formal schooling than geography or mathematics or
- biology or any of the other systematic subjects. Squeezing
- essential meaning into arbitrary and unworkable time limits leads
- to glibness on one end and exasperation on the other. We need not
- put up with either.
-